Rebuild

A typical day at Lil Nancy’s Primary Schoolhouse in West Oakland would see 12 youngsters engaged in a variety of activities overseen by owner and operator Nancy Harvey, a 16-year child care provider veteran. In April, Nancy made the difficult decision to close her doors due to the pandemic. She had to terminate her four employees and enroll for unemployment herself, a benefit that California began extending to self-employed workers as part of the state’s response to COVID.

While technically eligible for a Paycheck Protection Program loan, like many in-home childcare providers, Nancy does not have a business account with her banker, which is required to receive the loan.  Now back open, she has only six kids coming part time.  Loss of income on top of an already low-income margin, common across the child care provider industry, which is categorized as essential, has left Nancy lacking a retirement plan.  When asked what would help child providers like herself, she said “shouldn’t all workers have healthcare and a retirement plan?”  

Photo Courtesy of Nancy Harvey                         

The coronavirus pandemic did not cause inequity in our country; it feasted upon a table long set with policies, structures, and systems that benefit some and harm others, largely along racial and gender lines.  Our focus in this theme is rebuilding an inclusive and resilient economy, so it’s important that we first understand where we fall short against those aims.   

Wages. Median wages have not budged in terms of purchasing power in 40 years, unless you are in the highest income bracket. Looking at the past 20 years, weekly wages have risen just 3% for workers at the lowest end of the earning scale.  But for those earning in the top 10%, real wages have risen 15.7% during that same time period.  

Not everyone can make a six-figure salary.  But we likely all agree that a full time job should allow someone to adequately house, feed, clothe and care for their family.  That is not the case for many in the U.S. today. 1 in 9 U.S. workers are not paid enough to keep them out of poverty if they are the sole earner in their family, even when working full time and year round.  There is no city in the U.S. in which a full-time worker earning minimum wage can afford a two-bedroom apartment. People of color are far more likely to hold one of these very low income jobs. In short, we simply are not paying people enough to live.

Source: Economic Policy Institute                          

Poverty. Given all this, it should come as no surprise that poverty levels have been stagnant in the U.S. for 40 years and that people of color are overrepresented amongst those living in poverty.  Prior to the pandemic, the latest figures on poverty showed that 42 million people were living in poverty in our country. For Black and Latinx folks, the poverty rate is just over 20%. That means 1 in five Black and Latinx people are living in poverty in our country.  For white folks, that number is 8.7%.  

“Now our struggle is for genuine equality, which means economic equality. For we know that it isn’t enough to integrate lunch counters. What does it profit a man to be able to eat at an integrated lunch counter if he doesn’t have enough money to buy a hamburger?”


Martin Luther King, Jr.

 

Wealth. At the same time, wealth has amassed at the top, and not surprisingly, the top is largely white. Wealth is not just income, it includes owned assets like a house, business equity, financial market assets and factors in debt as well. Wealth can be passed down from generation to generation.  There are many measures of wealth inequity, but one way to look at it is that households among the top 10% in the U.S. owned 72% of all wealth compared to 1.5% for the bottom 50% of earners. 

When we look at the average American family, wealth vastly differs based on race, per the below graph. Women also fare much worse than men when it comes to wealth.  While the gender gap in pay persists, with women still earning just 79 cents on the dollar compared to men, the wealth gap is stunning, with women owning only 32 cents to a man’s dollar. And  “the wealth gap for women of color is a chasm —pennies on the dollar compared to both white women and men.” 

Source: Federal Survey of Consumer Finances, 2016.                   

In summary, poverty and wages have been stagnant for decades while wealth has consolidated at the top, creating vast income and wealth inequality, largely along racial and gender lines.

None of this was accidental. Policies, practices and Supreme Court decisions have caused this economic inequity, beginning with slavery but lasting long after, up to the present day. Just a few examples:

  • After Emancipation, Black Codes forbade Black people from opening certain businesses and limited the jobs they could hold;
  • Black families were locked out of well-resourced communities through racially restrictive covenants, common from the mid-1920s into the 1960s, that prohibited the purchase of white-owned homes by Black people. Redlining also starved Black neighborhoods of investment;
  • Implementation of the GI Bill following WWII systematically excluded the 1.2 million Black veterans from the home loans and education that helped white Americans accumulate wealth;
  • More recently, Black and Latinx families were targeted for subprime mortgages even in cases where they qualified for prime loans. When the housing market crashed, 28.6 percent of mortgages held by Black families and 31.7 percent of mortgages held by Latinx families entered foreclosure, but just 11.3 percent of white borrowers did.
  • Federal stimulus dollars for the pandemic came with a set of conditions that had the effect of shutting out many minority owned businesses. 

A 1937 example of redlining in Oakland and surrounding areas

In the past 40 years, consolidation of corporate power, which has happened across 75% of U.S. industries, has exacerbated existing wealth inequities.  With the dismantling of much antitrust regulation, bigger, more powerful companies have emerged. This consolidation has allowed corporations to keep wages low, reduce employee’s bargaining power, block new entrants to the market and increase prices. The value derived has primarily gone to increasing stock value, which in turn benefits predominantly wealthy, white, male shareholders and CEOs.  

Over the past several decades, the rules of the economy have been rewritten to benefit those at the top of the economic hierarchy at the expense of everyone else. This has had specific and outsized harms on communities of color that have long struggled under the hidden rules of race."


Madeline NEighly, Roosevelt Institute

 

Corporate consolidation interacts with racial segregation as well.  Take the example of broadband.  Deregulated in the 90s and highly concentrated today, broadband providers invest updates and infrastructure in wealthy areas first where they can reap the greatest profits.  The result - “a redlining of digital access for neighborhoods of color and rural areas.” When a pandemic then shuts down our schools and education goes remote, these kids can no longer access their schooling and educational achievement further slides out of reach.

If you are still with us, you are likely coming to realize it is not just immediate relief these communities  need because of the impact of the coronavirus pandemic. Rather, we need to reimagine the rules to create systemic change and build a more inclusive and equitable economy so that all families can thrive year round and be resilient in the face of minor shocks (e.g. car break down) but also weather larger disasters like a pandemic.

Our Approach

 

We want to uphold two overarching principles for our funding under this pillar:

  • Closing economic inequity and enhancing economic mobility for all cannot be accomplished without confronting how multiple forms of discrimination overlap and interact. For example, women face barriers to wealth generation as do Black people.  Black women face even steeper barriers.  We will look to support work that takes an intersectional approach to economic empowerment.
  • People closest to the problem should be putting forward the solutions. We are interested in lifting up and supporting the voices of those most impacted.

The work to be done to create a more equitable and inclusive economy is vast.  Battery Powered will join a number of other respected funders in this space. Areas where we believe our funding can make a difference include the following.

Advocacy. There are a number of policies and programs that would better support economic equity. For example, paid medical and family leave as well as affordable childcare would facilitate women in particular to stay engaged in the workforce and help reduce gender-based wage disparities. Raising minimum wages and expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit can improve the economic picture for low-income workers. A guaranteed income would provide an income floor through which no American could fall and would recognize the critical, unpaid work of caregivers. Supporting worker advocacy and fair labor policies can begin to rebalance power between corporate power and the workforce they rely on. 

We are interested in championing advocacy efforts that build broad buy-in around a set of aligned principles and policy demands that address the systemic nature of economic inequity in the U.S.

Narrative change. We all know the American Dream: if you pull yourself up by the bootstraps and work hard you can succeed in America.  This dream is based on perceptions about how people become prosperous and overlooks systemic inequities that keep certain people poor while giving a leg up to others.  As a result, individuals are often blamed for being poor – we assume they have done something wrong or haven’t worked hard enough. This impacts the policies we support, the ballot measure we vote for, and more.  So it is important that we tell more accurate stories about marginalized communities that show the role of systems and racism, while also elevating the ways in which these communities are already resilient, smart, and hardworking. We are interested in uplifting stories that do just that so that we can work toward policies that recognize reality rather than a dream.

Community Organizing. The communities most impacted by systemic inequity should be at the table to decide on the solutions.  They have the best insights into what programs will help or harm them, what well-meaning policy will entrench systemic discrimination and what will uproot it.  However, these local leaders and organizations are often under-funded.  For example, less than 10% of philanthropic dollars go to Black, Indigenous or Other People of Color led organizations. We are interested in supporting organizations led by and for communities most impacted by economic inequities, whether that be low-wage workers organizing for fair labor practices or Black communities ensuring their voices are heard when policies are made that impact their lives.  

RESOURCES

  1. Pew Research Center. For Most Americans, Real Wages have Barely Budged in Decades. August 2018.
  2. Economic Policy Institute. One in Nine U.S Workers are Paid Wages that can leave them in Poverty. June 2018.
  3. National Low Income Housing Coalition. Out of Reach. 2019.
  4. Economic Policy Institute. Workers of Color are Far More Likely to be Paid Poverty Level Wages. June 2018.
  5. United States Census Bureau. Poverty 2017 and 2018. November 2019.
  6. United States Census Bureau. Supplemental Poverty Measure 2018. October 2019.
  7. Pew Research Center. Trends in U.S Income and Wealth Inequality. January 2020.
  8. Federal Reserve. Distribution of Household Wealth since 1989. Accessed 8 July 2020. 
  9. McCulloch, H. Closing the Women's Wealth Gap. January 2017.
  10. New York Times. Coronavirus is Hitting Black Business Owners Hardest. June 2020.
  11. Urban Institute. Next 50. May 2019.
  12. The Fair Housing Center of Greater Boston. 1920s-1948 Racially Restrictive Covenants. 
  13. CBS News. Redlining's Legacy. June 2020.
  14. History. How the GI Bill's Promise was Denied to a Million Black WWII Veterans. September 2019.
  15. Hwang, J., Hankinson, M., Brown, K. Racial and Spatial Targeting. March 2015.
  16. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Minority Homeownership Experience of Minorities during the Great Recession. 2017.
  17. Time. How Black-owned Businesses Fall Further behind during the Pandemic, Efforts are Underway to Help. It May Not be Enough. June 2020.
  18. Pew Research Center. A Long History of Cable Consolidation. February 2014
  19. Rooselvelt Institute. The Racial Rules of Corporate Power. November 2019.
  20. National Partnership for Women and Families. Paid Leave will Help Close the Gender Wage Gap. March 2020.
  21. Economic Policy Institute. The EITC and Minimum Wage Work Together to Reduce Poverty and Raise Incomes. January 2020.
  22. The Bridgespan Group. Racial Equity and Philanthropy: Disparities in Funding for Leaders of Color Leave Impact on the Table. May 2020.